以下是克拉克大学数学与计算机系教授 David E. Joyce 网页上贴的关于“同位角相等两线平行”这个命题的证明。不知道有的同学不相信我们反基的水平,是不是也不相信数学教授的水平。
建议直接访问网页http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookI/propI28.html,因为证明中用到的公理、定理什么的,那里都有直接的链接。对于“内错角相等两线平行”等几十个命题,这位教授都有给出证明,大家可以参考,写得比较简洁,适合我这种数学不太初中的人阅读。什么叫数学不太初中呢?解释一下哈。我么,现在几乎天天用立体几何,还给学生(本科、研究生)讲课的,主要是立体几何的应用,如何描述物体(主要是人体)在空间的运动、如何计算相对运动等等的生物力学问题,均属于应用水平上的,所以对初中的几何么,几乎就全都还给老师了,说实话,连我初中时候课堂上有没有教过这个平行公设,我都不记得了,原谅哈,在美从高中起才接受正式的教育,嘻嘻。
Proposition 28If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite angle on the same side, or the sum of the interior angles on the same side equal to two right angles, then the straight lines are parallel to one another. | Let the straight line EF falling on the two straight lines AB and CD make the exterior angle EGB equal to the interior and opposite angle GHD, or the sum of the interior angles on the same side, namely BGH and GHD, equal to two right angles.
I say that AB is parallel to CD.
| | Since the angle EGB equals the angle GHD, and the angle EGB equals the angle AGH, therefore the angle AGH equals the angle GHD. And they are alternate, therefore AB is parallel to CD. | I.15
C.N.1
I.27 | Next, since the sum of the angles BGH and GHD equals two right angles, and the sum of the angles AGH and BGH also equals two right angles, therefore the sum of the angles AGH and BGH equals the sum of the angles BGH and GHD. | I.13
C.N.1
Post.4 | Subtract the angle BGH from each. Therefore the remaining angle AGH equals the remaining angle GHD. And they are alternate, therefore AB is parallel to CD. | C.N.3
I.27 | Therefore if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite angle on the same side, or the sum of the interior angles on the same side equal to two right angles, then the straight lines are parallel to one another. | Q.E.D. |
This proposition states two useful minor variants of the previous proposition. The three statements differ only in their hypotheses which are easily seen to be equivalent with the help of proposition I.13.
Use of Proposition 28This proposition is used in IV.7, VI.4, and a couple times in Book XI. |