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为犬猫进行阉割或卵巢子宫切除术的原因
Why to castrate (neuter) or overiohysterectomize (spay) dogs and cats:
owned and free-roaming animals
为犬猫进行阉割或卵巢子宫切除术的原因：
适用于有主和无助动物
Dr. Kati Loeffler, International Fund for Animal Welfare
凯蒂博士，国际爱护动物基金会
Benefit of castration or ovariohysterectomy for dogs and cats
阉割或卵巢子宫切除术对猫狗的益处
1.
Decreased likelihood of developing certain hormone-dependent illnesses such as testicular cancer, prostate hypertrophy, prostatic cancer, mammary cancer and pyometra.
降低可能患荷尔蒙相关疾病的可能性，如睾丸癌，前列腺肥大，前列腺癌，乳腺癌和子宫积脓。
2.
There is no evidence that castration will significantly increase the risk of metabolic conditions such as osteoporosis in dogs and cats. (This is the case in humans, but the dog and cat reproductive physiology is very different from that of humans.)
无证据表明阉割会让猫狗显著增加新陈代谢相关的身体症状，如产生骨质疏松等病症（人类会有此病症，然而猫狗的生殖生理学于人类非常不同）
3.
Eliminates the risk of contracting, or spreading, sexually-transmitted diseases, such as brucellosis and Transmissible Venereal Tumor. Note that dogs/cats who have been vasectomized but not castrated will engage in sexual intercourse with a receptive females.消除患生殖系统传染病的机率，比如布鲁氏菌病，可传染性性病瘤。输精管结扎而并非阉割的猫狗可能还会和雌性进行性活动。
4.
Reduced aggression and fighting behavior. Aggressive behavior toward humans or other animals is a common reason for people to abandon or abuse their pets. Moreover, fighting often results in bite wounds and transmission of infectious diseases, such as rabies. Homeless dogs/cats are unlikely to receive medical care for
their wounds. The wounds become infected and the animal dies slowly and painfully.
侵略性和打斗行为减少。对人类或其他动物的侵略性行为是许多人弃养宠物的常见原因。同时，打斗常常导致受伤，并传播传染性疾病，如狂犬病。流浪猫狗不太可能在受伤后得到良好的照顾，而伤口感染可能会导致动物缓慢而痛苦地死亡。
5.
Reduced roaming. Dogs and cats are biologically driven to seek mates who are in season. They will run away from home and roam the city to find mates. This increased the chance for the dog or cat to be hit by a car, ingest poison, or meet some other accident. Being un-castrated is one of the highest risk factors for mortality in free-roaming cats. Homeless dogs and cats are unlikely to receive medical care for their injuries. These animals die with great suffering. 减少动物外出。发情期的猫狗应生理需求外出寻找配偶。它们可能逃离家门，在城市中四处走寻求另一半。这增加了猫狗出车祸、食物中毒或发生其他以外的机率。不阉割，是散养或流浪猫死亡的高危因素。无家可归的猫狗不太可能受伤后得到医疗照料。这些动物死亡时经受巨大的痛苦。
6.
Because of the hormone-driven aggressive and roaming behaviors, un-neutered dogs and cats pose a greater risk to human health because of biting and the associated risk for spread of zoonotic disease, such as rabies. 由于荷尔蒙导致的侵略性和四处跑的行为举止，未阉割的猫狗对人类健康产生更大的风险，可能咬伤，或者传播人畜共患病，如狂犬病。
7.
Vocalization of dogs and cats during the breeding season is another common reason why people abandon or abuse their pets. Cats and dogs howl and scream for hours on end to attract the attention of a mate. If the dog or cat is castrated or spayed, this behavior stops. Pet and human get along much better. People are also less likely to abuse homeless animals if they are not howling and disturbing people. 发情期的叫声也是人们遗弃或虐待宠物的一个常见原因。猫狗数小时嚎叫，以吸引配偶。如果猫狗被阉割，这种行为会停止。人和动物相处会更加融洽。人们也不会因为无家可归的动物嚎叫打搅人而虐待它们。
8.
Male dogs/cats who have been vasectomized, but not castrated, will continue to produce sex hormones (testosterone). These hormones are necessary for reproduction and also drive many sex-related behaviors, such as urine-marking, aggression, roaming (running away from home), and sexual intercourse.做了输精管结扎而未被阉割的猫狗，会继续分泌荷尔蒙（睾丸激素）。这些荷尔蒙是生殖所必需的，同时也会产生与性相关的行为，比如排尿做标记，侵略性，四处乱跑（离家出走），性行为。
To castrate a dog/cat and to perform a vasectomy requires that the animal be anaesthetized. Both surgeries take about the same amount of time for an experienced surgeon. 为猫狗做阉割和输精管结扎，都需要对之进行麻醉。这两个手术所需时间基本相同，也都需要有经验的兽医操作。
There is no advantage to performing a vasectomy instead of castration for dogs and cats. 对猫狗而言，与阉割相比较，结扎没有任何优势。
Early-age neutering早期绝育
1.
Early-age neutering refers to castration or ovariohysterectomy before sexual maturity. Sexual maturity for most dogs and cats occurs at 5-6 months. In the females, the first estrus (“season”) marks the onset of sexual maturity. Early-age neutering may be done as early as 2 months of age.早期绝育指在性成熟之前进行的阉割或子宫卵巢切除术。猫狗的性成熟一般在5-6月。雌性动物第一次发情标志着性成熟。早期雄性绝育可以最早在2月龄进行。
2.
Some people worry that early-age neutering may compromise the development of dogs and cats. The research on this question demonstrates that there is no significant adverse effect of early-age neutering.
But if you still worry, there is no problem with waiting until the dog or cat is 5 or 6 months old to spay or neuter her or him. However, early-age neutering requires special training of veterinarians. 有些人担心早期绝育会对猫狗的生长发育有不良影响。就此问题所做的调查表明，早期绝育并不会产生巨大的不良影响。如果主人依然担心，也可以等到猫狗5、6月龄时再进行绝育。注意，操作早期绝育手术的需要经过特殊培训。
Disadvantages of spay and neuter for cats and dogs
猫狗绝育的坏处
1.
Some dogs and cats may gain weight after sterilization. This may be controlled with exercise and dietary control. 有些猫狗绝育后会发胖。这可以通过饮食和锻炼得以控制。
2.
Some female dogs may develop varying degrees of urinary incontinence after ovariohysterectomy. This usually occurs in old females, and can be managed with medicine. 有些雌性犬只在进行子宫卵巢切除术后，可能会发生不同程度的小便失禁。这通常发生在雌性进入老年期后，可以通过药物控制。
REFERENCES
参考材料：
1.
Johnston, S. D., Kamolpatana, K., Root-Kustritz, M. V. & Johnston, G. R. Prostatic disorders in the dog. Animal Reproduction Science 60-61, 405-415 (2000).
2.
Overley, B., Shofer, F. S., Goldschmidt, M. H., Sherer, D. & Sorenmo, K. U. Association between ovarihysterectomy and feline mammary carcinoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16, 560-563 (2005).
3.
Cornell, K. K., Bostwick, D. G., Cooley, D. M., Hall, G., Harvey, H. J., Hendrick, M. J., Pauli, B. U., Render, J. A., Stoica, G., Sweet, D. C. & Waters, D. J. Clinical and pathologic aspects of spontaneous canine prostate carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases. Prostate 45, 173-183 (2000).
4.
Chang, S. C., Chang, C. C., Chang, T. J. & Wong, M. L. Prognostic factors associated with survival two years after surgery in dogs with malignant mammary tumors: 79 cases (1998-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227, 1625-1629 (2005).
5.
Ferguson, H. R. Canine mammary gland tumors. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 15, 501-511 (1985).
6.
Thacher, C. & Bradley, R. L. Vulvar and vaginal tumors in the dog: a retrospective study. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 183, 690-692 (1983).
7.
Sorenmo, K. U., Shofer, F. S. & Goldschmidt, M. H. Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 266-270 (2000).
8.
Potter, K., Hancock, D. H. & Gallina, A. M. Clinical and pathologic features of endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and endometritis in cats: 79 cases (1980-1985). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, 1427-1431 (1991).
9.
Miller, M. A., Ramos-Vara, J. A., Dickerson, M. F., Johnson, G. C., Pace, L. W., Kreeger, J. M., Turnquist, S. E. & Turk, J. R. Uternine neoplasia in 13 cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, 515-522 (2003).
10.
Shen, V., Dempster, D. W., Birchman, R., Mellish, R. W., Church, E., Kohn, D. & Lindsay, R. Lack of changes in histomorphometric, bone mass, and biochemical parameters in ovariohysterectomized dogs. Bone 13, 311-316 (1992).
11.
Murray, J. K., Skillings, E. & Gruffydd-Jones, T. J. A study of risk factors for cat mortality in adoption centres of a UK cat charity. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, 338-345 (2008).
12.
Olson, P. N., Kustritz, M. V. & Johnston, S. D. Early-age neutering of dogs and cats in the United States (a review). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Suppl. 57, 223-232 (2001).
凯蒂博士，美国注册兽医师，拥有兽医学博士学位和病理学博士学位，作为临床兽医从业20余年，作为生物科学家工作13年。拥有丰富的在世界各地从事家养动物和野生动物的临床工作经验。现任国际爱护动物基金会高级顾问兽医师。
注：由于怕翻译不准确，所以把原文放上去了，对中文有异议的可以参看原文
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